Grooming, ciberbullying y sexting en estudiantes en Chile según sexo y tipo de administración escolar / Grooming, cyberbullying and sexting in Chile according of sex and school management or administrative dependency

INTRODUCCIÓN: Niños y adolescentes experimentan su bienestar cada día más relacionado con internet y las nuevas tecnologías digitales. El objetivo del manuscrito es describir la presencia de Ciberbullying (acoso o agresión entre menores o pares en internet), Sexting (difundir intimidad sexual) y Groo ming (engaño online a menores de edad por parte de adultos) en los estudiantes en Chile según sexo y tipo de administración escolar. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Estudio de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo. El diseño muestral fue no probabilístico por cuotas en 60 establecimientos de carácter transaccional. La muestra se ponderó considerando rango de edad y sexo según datos nacionales. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Alfabetización Digital "Divergente-SerDigital" (2010) a una muestra de 12.926 estudiantes, rango de edad: 5 a 18 años. 4.790 hombres y 8.136 mujeres. Edad promedio 13,17 años. Se analizaron frecuencias y se utilizó el estadístico de contraste Chi cuadrado para determinar diferencias estadísticamente significativas. RESULTADOS: El ítem Grooming total (engaño) se presenta como el principal riesgo, 12,6% en Colegios Municipales (CM), 8,2% en Colegios Particulares Subvencionados (CPS) y 8,4% Colegios Particulares Privados (CPP). Al considerar el sexo se observa Grooming principal mente en Hombres, 20,4% en CM, 19,9% CPS y 16,9% CPP. Destaca que las Mujeres realizan menos Ciberbullying (activo) según administración escolar con 4,2% en CM, 2,4% CPS y 2,6% CPP, con diferencias estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) en relación a los Hombres. Además destaca el indicador Sexting (enviar) en Hombres, más alto en los CPP con 10,6%. CONCLUSIÓN: Los riesgos Grooming, Ciberbullying y Sexting se presentan en los tres tipos de administración con características específicas. Estos datos pueden ser guía del trabajo en promoción y prevención como en la tematización de casos según tipo de administración escolar.

INTRODUCTION: Children, teenagers and young men are increasingly experiencing their well-being related to the internet and the new digital technologies. The objective of this study is to describe the presence of Cyberbullying, Sexting and Grooming in students in Chile according to gender and type of school management or administrative dependency. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Exploratory and descriptive study. The sample design was non-probabilistic by quotas in 60 transactional establish ments. The sample was weighted considering the age range and gender according to national data. The Digital Literacy Questionnaire "Divergente-SerDigital" (2010) was applied to a sample of 12,926 students, aged 5 to 18 years. 4,790 men and 8,136 women. Average age 13.17 years. Frequencies were analyzed and the Chi-squared contrast statistic was used to determine statistically significant differences. RESULTS: The item Total Grooming (cheating) is presented as the main risk, 12.6% in municipal dependent schools (MDS), 8.2% in subsidized private schools (SPS), and 8.4% in private schools (PS). When considering gender, Grooming is observed mainly in Men, 20.4% in MDS, 19.9% in SPS and, 16.9% in PS. It is noteworthy that Women perform less Cyberbullying (active) according to school administration with 4.2% in MDS, 2.4% in SPS and, 2.6% in PS, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in relation to Men. It also highlights the indicator Sexting (send) in Men, higher in PS with 10.6%. CONCLUSION: Grooming, Cyberbullying and Sexting risks are presented in the three types of administration with specific characteristics. These data can be a guide to work in promotion and prevention as well as in the schematization of cases according to type of school administration.

Use of the Whatsapp application in health follow-up of people with HIV: a thematic analysis / Uso de aplicación Whatsapp para seguimiento de salud de personas con VIH: un análisis temático / Uso do aplicativo Whatsapp no acompanhamento em saúde de pessoas com HIV: uma análise temática

Abstract Objective: To investigate the statements of people living with HIV during a health follow-up through the WhatsApp® application. Methods: A descriptive study, using a qualitative approach, was conducted with 26 people accompanied by two specialized care services for HIV/AIDS in Fortaleza, Ceará. Data were collected from September 2016 to February 2017, with participants' statements given during the online follow-up and submitted to thematic content analysis. Results: The following categories emerged: difficulties with treatment, antiretroviral dose delayed or missed, side effects, association between antiretroviral drugs and alcohol, use of dietary supplements and medicines, emotional changes, life habits, social rights, physical symptoms, and coping with and committing to with treatment. Conclusion: Follow-up over WhatsApp® improved access to health professionals, by providing an open and immediate communication channel.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar testimonios de personas con VIH durante un seguimiento en salud utilizando la aplicación WhatsApp®. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva, de abordaje cualitativo, realizada con 26 personas con VIH atendidas en dos servicios de atención especializada en VIH/SIDA de Fortaleza, Ceará. Datos recolectados durante el período entre setiembre de 2016 y febrero de 2017, a través de testimonios de participantes durante el seguimiento online, estudiados mediante análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: Surgieron las siguientes categorías: dificultades con el tratamiento farmacológico; retraso o pérdida de la dosis del antirretroviral; efectos colaterales; asociación entre antirretroviral y bebidas alcohólicas; uso de suplementos alimentarios y medicamentos; alteraciones emocionales; hábitos de vida; derechos sociales; síntomas físicos; enfrentamiento y adhesión al tratamiento. Conclusión: El seguimiento en salud a partir del WhatsApp® facilitó la accesibilidad del paciente al profesional de salud, ofreciendo una vía de comunicación abierta e inmediata.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar depoimentos de pessoas com HIV durante um acompanhamento em saúde, a partir do aplicativo WhatsApp®. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva, abordagem qualitativa realizada com 26 pessoas com HIV acompanhadas em dois serviços de atenção especializada em HIV/Aids de Fortaleza, Ceará. Os dados foram coletados no período de setembro de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017, por meio de depoimentos de participantes durante o acompanhamento online, analisados a partir da análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: Emergiram as seguintes categorias: dificuldades com o tratamento medicamentoso; atraso ou perda da dose do antirretroviral; efeitos colaterais; associação entre antirretroviral e bebida alcoólica; uso de suplementos alimentares e medicamentos; alterações emocionais; hábitos de vida; direitos sociais; sintomas físicos; enfrentamento e engajamento com o tratamento. Conclusão: O acompanhamento em saúde a partir do WhatsApp® promoveu a acessibilidade do paciente ao profissional de saúde, fornecendo uma via de comunicação aberta e imediata.

Messaging standard requirements for electronic health records in Islamic Republic of Iran: a Delphi study

The present descriptive-comparative study was conducted to give an overview of the messaging standards that are necessary for interoperable electronic health records [EHRs]. We designed a preliminary model after data collection and compared the messaging standards of Health Level Seven [HL7] and the International Organization for Standardization [ISO]. The data were assessed with the Delphi technique. A comprehensive model for the messaging standards of EHRs in the Islamic Republic of Iran was presented in three pivots: structural characteristics [standard for all EHRs, XML-based and object-oriented messages, and dual model]; model specifications [reference model, archetypes and classes of reference model], and general features [distinct ontology, mapping with other standards, and using reference archetypes for exchanging documents]. In conclusion, we gave an overview of messaging standards for the interoperability of EHRs and experts selected ISO13606 as a suitable standard for the Islamic Republic of Iran

Mobile health for early retention in HIV care: a qualitative study in Kenya (WelTel Retain)

Many people newly diagnosed with HIV are lost to follow-up before timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). A randomised controlled trial (RCT); WelTel Kenya1; demonstrated the effectiveness of the WelTel text messaging intervention to improve clinical outcomes among patients initiating ART. In preparation for WelTel Retain; an RCT that will evaluate the effect of the intervention to retain patients in care immediately following HIV diagnosis; we conducted an informative qualitative study with people living with HIV (n = 15) and healthcare providers (HCP) (n = 5) in October 2012. Study objectives included exploring the experiences of people living with HIV who have attempted to engage in HIV care; the use of cell phones in everyday life; and perceptions of communicating via text message with HCP. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Semi-structured; qualitative interviews were conducted and recorded; transcribed verbatim and analysed using NVivo software. Analysis was guided by the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Technology Acceptance Model. Results indicate that while individuals have many motivators for engaging in care after diagnosis; structural and individual barriers including poverty; depression and fear of stigma prevent them from doing so. All participants had access to a mobile phone; and most were comfortable communicating through text messages; or were willing to learn. Both people living with HIV and HCP felt that increased communication via the text messaging intervention has the potential to enable early identification of problems; leading to timely problem solving that may improve retention and engagement in care during the first year after diagnosis